Effect of oil spill pdf

The population level, or how oil spills may impact a group of living things of the same species. Oil spill effects on environments can be catastrophic. Oil spill health effect summary week 32 from 08082010 to 08142010 telephone fax 2253428117 database. We compare siblings conceived before and after nearby oil spills and find that nearby oil spills double the. The worst oil spill caused by offshore oil drilling happened in the mexican gulf. Although oil causes immediate effects throughout the entire spill area, it is the external effects of oil on larger wildlife species that are often immediately apparent. Effect of oil spills on infant mortality in nigeria pnas. We fill this gap by studying the causal effects of onshore oil spills on neonatal and infant mortality rates.

A single gallon of oil can create an oil slick up to a couple of acres in size. Schematic diagram depicting the effects of a large oil spill on mangrove forests 2 figure 3. Effect of oil spills on infant mortality in nigeria. The individual level, or how oil spills may impact a single living thing like a fish. As stated in the section on the chemistry of oil spills, the kerosenes light oils had evaporated from the oil spill that at one point stretched all the way down the coast to the strait. How an oil spill affects photosynthesis home guides sf gate. In addition, between 1997 and 2001, nigeria also recorded a total number of 2,097 oil spill incidents. Oil spill effects ocean pollution marine life impact law. Bp deepwater horizon oil spill and its economic impact.

Effects of oil spills have received much attention in the recent past as it is recognized as one of the biggest forms of environmental pollution. Depending on the magnitude of the spill and its location, the effects can vary, ranging from minimal to serious ones. This graph shows the number of reports for conditions perceived to be related to exposure to the oil spill. It can also take place as a result of drilling wells and rigs, releasing crude oil from the tankers and from the machines that use petroleum as fuel pollution facts. Given the highly charged and emotional reaction usually associated with oil spills, it can be difficult to obtain a balanced view of the realities of spill effects and. Minerals management service staff for technical adequacy according to contractual specifications. For instance, oil spills can have a major impact on the temporary animal and fish loss of habitat. Aug 04, 2010 effects of oil spills when oil is spilled or leaked into in waterways and the ocean, it spreads very quickly with the help of wind and currents. Oil spills can impact wildlife directly through three primary. It can negatively affect both plants and wildlife, while causing human suffering and economic losses. The effect of oil spills on land and water springerlink. When an oil spill occurs, many elements of the environment may be affected.

One of the major lessons of hurricane katrina is the importance of early and accurate economic analysis. In laboratory tests of the toxicity of crude oils to winkles, ottway recorded mortalities ranging from 1% to 89%. The communitywide level, or how oil spills may impact many different kinds of living things in an area or habitat. Evaporation occurs when the lighter or more volatile substances within the oil mixture become vapors and. Gulf of mexicos waters, plants, animals, and habitats. These organisms are exposed to various degree of impact during an oil spill accident. Theres really no aspect of a marine and coastal environment that is not in some way adversely affected by an oil spill. Some of which have technical issues hence causing oil spillage. The closer the spill occurs to the shoreline, the more pronounced the damage will be due to coastal zones being home to more concentrated and diverse populations of marine, bird and animal life than far out to sea. Pdf environmental effects of the deepwater horizon oil. Environmental effects of the deepwater horizon oil spill. Ultimately, the impact of oil on marine organisms depends on the fate of the oil. It also contain an overview of soil composition and fertility in the warri area. Oil coats fur of otters and seals, leaving them vulnerable to hypothermia.

Stress responses shown by corals exposed to oil and oil fractions 30. An oil spill is a catastrophic event in the environment. This write up provides a detailed study of oil spillage. Prior to the spill, prince william sound was a pristine en vironment hosting a broad community of fish and wildlife. Both the spill and the cleanup efforts had effects on the environment the oil spill was called the worst environmental disaster the us. A study of the economic impact of the deepwater horizon oil spill. Pdf as oil transportation worldwide continues to increase, many communities are at risk of oil spill disasters and must anticipate and prepare for. Diagram of scientifically documented impacts from the deepwater horizon oil spill, organized by level. A spill could significantly impact public, environmental, and economic health, as well as.

The impact of an oil spill on commercial fisheries and aquaculture would depend, for instance, upon factors including the oil spills volume and location relative to fishingcultivation areas. On the other hand, cases of exposures that did not warrant accessing medical care are not reported here. Prevailing weather conditions will also influence the oils physical characteristics and its behaviour. Oil can be categorized into five groups, ranging from very light to very heavy oils. Nov 20, 2019 jpmorgan chase calculated that oil spill cleanup efforts actually boosted the economy in 2012. Its economic benefits are countless, but all in all, oil spill in nigeria is a common occurrence. This paper discusses the effect of oil spill pollution to environment ecosystem in tanjung kukup. Shorelines are typically teeming with species that flourish on the waters surface, including birds, sea otters, fish, and invertebrates. In nigeria, the oil industry is considered to be the largest sector and main generator of gdp in africas most populous nation. As previously described, when oil is present in the environment, it is either dispersed in the top layer of the water littoral zone or remains on the surface and, consequently, on. The effects of an oil spill will depend on a variety of factors including, the quantity and type of oil spilled, and how it interacts with the marine environment. Most oil has a density less than water, so it floats. Similarly, the lempertkeeneseastrand oil spill prevention and response ospr act of 1991 established the oil spill response program in california and directed the administrator of ospr to develop a research program designed to examine the effects of oil and oil spill response technologies on the environment.

The impact can range from loosing oil through the cost of cleaning and also the cost incurred due to lost productivity in certain industries due to the damage of shorelines and beaches. Health symptoms associated with living or working in an area affected by oil contamination are often unclear and debated. These droplets can also form a secondary slick or thin film on the surface of the water. Various research have detailed the toxicological effects of. Oil tends to spread into a thin layer on the water surface as a sheen. Potential environmental impacts of oil spills in greenland nationalt.

Fisheries resources include five species of salmon, shellfish, finfish, and bottomfish. Coast guard should improve its knowledge base, education, and training for responding to spills of nonfloating oils by including a scenario involving a spill of nonfloating oils in oilspill response drills, by establishing a knowledge base and scientific support teams to respond to these types of spills, and by disseminating this. Larissa graham, christine hale, emily maungdouglass, stephen sempier, tara skelton, ladon swann, and monica wilson. The effect of oil spillage and other industrial wastes on our environment have been a major concern in the warri area. The effects of oil spills are common in the ocean because crude oil is being released to the water on a regular basis. Oil spills, not a very common term but a serious form of environmental pollution and affect marine life seriously. Oil spill can also be spotted at the rocky sea bank and near the seaside walk.

Washington state department of ecology spill prevention preparedness and response program subject. Heavy oils may affect several organism functions like respiration, feeding, and thermoregulation. On a basic level, oil spill effects will damage waterways, marine life and plants and animals on the land. The impacts of the deepwater horizon oil spill stretched beyond the. Effects of oil spills on marine and coastal wildlife1 edis. Learn about what is oil spill, its different types, causes, effects and moreover the worst 10 oil spills that have been happened in the world. Oil spill contingency plans, therefore, specify appropriate response to. A scientific appraisal of typical oil spill effects reveals that, while damage occurs and can be profound at the level of individual organisms, populations are more resilient. The health impact literature and related work on oil spill responses also identified a. Many uncertainties exist because of the complexity and scale of gulf fisheries and ecosystems that have been affected by the oil spill. Consequently, the effects of oil pollution are sufficiently well understood to allow for broad indications of the scale and duration of damage for a given incident. Oil can clog blowholes of whales and dolphins, making it impossible for them to breathe properly and disrupting their ability to communicate.

Despite this, spill experts estimate that 30%50% of oil spills are either directly or indirectly caused by human error, with 20%40% of all spills caused by equipment failure or malfunction. Onshore and offshore oil drilling are some of the worst ways oil can find its way to the sea. The deepwater horizon oil spill and the gulf of mexico fishing industry congressional research service 3 region. Health effects of oil spills and implications for public. How an oil spill affects photosynthesis home guides sf. Propagule and root deformities observed in january 1980 as response to the chronic effects of oil exposure after the 1978 howard star oil spill in tampa bay, florida 29 figure 2. Oil drilling is one of the causes of the oil spill. The shortterm effects of oil spills on marine species and communities are well known and predictable. In columns, the effect of the oil spills on the infant mortality rate is positive, but not statistically signi.

Impacts and management of oil spill pollution along the. The oil spill surveillance summary report describes the results of the tracking done by the louisiana department of. The deepwater horizon oil spill and the gulf of mexico. In may 2010, 26% of respondents who had planned trips to louisiana prior to the oil spill had either cancelled or postponed their trips after the oil spill.

Students will be able to list ways in which they can help to prevent oil pollution. In washington state, 820 miles of pipelines carry about 7 billion gallons of petroleum products through local communities. The effects of oil spills are worse when the site is near coastal communities. In this project, we created a website housing scientific research on the health effects of oil contamination.

Larger animals in the food chain, including humans, can consume contaminated organisms as they feed on these fish. Planning and response considerations but where reef coral species can survive. Oil spills frequently kill marine mammals such as whales, dolphins, seals, and sea otters. The 2010 deepwater horizon oil spill in the gulf of mexico has been described as the worst environmental disaster in the united states, releasing about 4.

Fisheries, agriculture, coastal tourism, and crops are also affected. Coralline algae and occasional encrusting or lowprofile corals domi. Direct economic costs brought about by oil spills can include the actual loss of oil from the spill. Environmental impact of the deepwater horizon oil spill.

It is found that most of the mangrove roots are already being covered by oil slicks. The impact of the bp oil spill on visitor spending in. The point estimate in column 3 suggests that a nearby oil spill before conception leads. This is because marine oil spills can have a serious economic impact on coastal. Assessing the impact of oil spills on marine organisms longdom. Specifically, this thesis discusses the impacts of oil spills on microbes, marine organisms, human health and revenue. Visitors in the national survey were more likely to have cancelled or postponed trips after the oil spill. Causes, consequences, prevention, and countermeasures. Although significant steps have been taken over the last 15 years to reduce the size and frequency of oil spills, the sheer volume of petroleum consumed in this country and the complex production and distribution network required to meet the demand make spills of oil and other petroleum products inevitable nrc, 2003. Oil spill health effect summary state of louisiana. Minerals management service through purchase order number 14350199p016162.

The impact of oil spills can also ruin the ecology and economy of a particular area with longterm effects for decades. Oil spill will have an effect on the economy in a negative way. As a result, our predictive capability is probably better for oil spills than for many other types of marine pollutant. Onshore oil spills can lead to irreversible environmental degradation and potentially pose hazards to human health, but scientific evidence on their health effects is lacking. Scientists noted that the prevailing paths of the gulf of mexicos loop current and a detached eddy located to the west kept much of the oil, which covered a sizable part of the gulf some three. The point estimate in column 3 suggests that a nearby oil spill before conception leads to an increase by 31. Direct and indirect damages to fisheries and the gulf environment are still being.

After an oil spill occurs, ecology, human health and economy are major concerns. A study of the economic impact of the deepwater horizon. Currently, many oil rigs are being drilled in seas. When oils rigs malfunction, thousands of tons of oil can seep into the environment. Jpmorgan chase calculated that oil spill cleanup efforts actually boosted the economy in 2012. The major focus of this research was on the oil spills near the gulf of mexico. Deepwater horizon oil spill, largest marine oil spill in history, caused by an april 20, 2010, explosion on the deepwater horizon oil riglocated in the gulf of mexico, approximately 41 miles 66 km off the coast of louisianaand its subsequent sinking on april 22. In 1998, 40,000 barrels of oil from mobil platform off the akwa ibom coast were spilt into the environment causing severe damage to the coastal environment. Oil spills affect marine life and local industry for years, even decades after they occur. Oil spills have a number of effects on the environment and economy. This type of data is based on a patients report and does not necessarily reflect a confirmed health effect from the oil spill. Causes and effects of oil spill on our environment earth. Much of the oil we use is deep below the surface of the earth, oftentimes in the middle of the ocean.

The environmental impact of oil spills has been extensively researched over the past 30 years and a considerable amount has been learnt about the nature and duration of such effects. Short and longterm health impacts of marine and terrestrial oil spills. However, toxic effects are less likely for hfo, or other highly viscous oil that has low water solubility, as the chemical components of the oil have a low biological availability. Oil exploitation can lead to contamination of environments, which can have effects on human health.